Application and Other Explanatory Material
The Role and Timing of Planning (Ref: Para. 1)
A1. Planning an audit involves establishing the overall audit strategy for the engagement and developing an audit plan. Adequate planning benefits the audit of financial statements in several ways, including the following: Helping the auditor to devote appropriate attention to important areas of the audit. Helping the auditor identify and resolve potential problems on a timely basis. Helping the auditor properly organize and manage the audit engagement so that it is performed in an effective and efficient manner. Assisting in the selection of engagement team members with appropriate levels of capabilities and competence to respond to anticipated risks, and the proper assignment of work to them. Facilitating the direction and supervision of engagement team members and the review of their work. Assisting, where applicable, in coordination of work done by auditors of components and experts.
A2. The nature and extent of planning activities will vary according to the size and complexity of the entity, the key engagement team members’ previous experience with the entity, and changes in circumstances that occur during the audit engagement. 4 SA 220, paragraphs 12-13.
A3. Planning is not a discrete phase of an audit, but rather a continual and iterative process that often begins shortly after (or in connection with) the completion of the previous audit and continues until the completion of the current audit engagement. Planning, however, includes consideration of the timing of certain activities and audit procedures that need to be completed prior to the performance of further audit procedures. For example, planning includes the need to consider, prior to the auditor’s identification and assessment of the risks of material misstatement, such matters as: The analytical procedures to be applied as risk assessment procedures. Obtaining a general understanding of the legal and regulatory framework applicable to the entity and how the entity is complying with that framework. The determination of materiality. The involvement of experts. The performance of other risk assessment procedures.
A4. The auditor may decide to discuss elements of planning with the entity’s management to facilitate the conduct and management of the audit engagement (for example, to coordinate some of the planned audit procedures with the work of the entity's personnel). Although these discussions often occur, the overall audit strategy and the audit plan remain the auditor's responsibility. When discussing matters included in the overall audit strategy or audit plan, care is required in order not to compromise the effectiveness of the audit. For example, discussing the nature and timing of detailed audit procedures with management may compromise the effectiveness of the audit by making the audit procedures too predictable.
Involvement of Key Engagement Team Members (Ref: Para. 4)
A5. The involvement of the engagement partner and other key members of the engagement team in planning the audit draws on their experience and insight, thereby enhancing the effectiveness and efficiency of the planning process5.
Preliminary Engagement Activities (Ref: Para. 5)
A6. Performing the preliminary engagement activities specified in paragraph 5 at the beginning of the current audit engagement assists the auditor in identifying 5 SA 315, “Identifying and Assessing the Risks of Material Misstatement Through Understanding the Entity and Its Environment”, paragraph 10, establishes requirements and provides guidance on the engagement team's discussion of the susceptibility of the entity to material misstatements of the financial statements. SA 240, “The Auditor's Responsibilities Relating to Fraud in an Audit of Financial Statements”, paragraph 15 provides guidance on the emphasis given during this discussion to the susceptibility of the entity's financial statements to material misstatement due to fraud. and evaluating events or circumstances that may adversely affect the auditor’s ability to plan and perform the audit engagement.
A7. Performing these preliminary engagement activities enables the auditor to plan an audit engagement for which, for example: The auditor maintains the necessary independence and ability to perform the engagement. There are no issues with management integrity that may affect the auditor’s willingness to continue the engagement. There is no misunderstanding with the client as to the terms of the engagement.
A8. The auditor’s consideration of client continuance and ethical requirements, including independence, occurs throughout the audit engagement as changes in conditions and circumstances occur. Performing initial procedures on both client continuance and evaluation of ethical requirements (including independence) at the beginning of the current audit engagement means that they are completed prior to the performance of other significant activities for the current audit engagement. For continuing audit engagements, such initial procedures often occur shortly after (or in connection with) the completion of the previous audit.
The Overall Audit Strategy (Ref: Para. 6-7)
A9. The process of establishing the overall audit strategy assists the auditor to determine, subject to the completion of the auditor’s risk assessment procedures, such matters as: The resources to deploy for specific audit areas, such as the use of appropriately experienced team members for high risk areas or the involvement of experts on complex matters; The amount of resources to allocate to specific audit areas, such as the number of team members assigned to observe the inventory count at material locations, the extent of review of other auditors’ work in the case of group audits, or the audit budget in hours to allocate to high risk areas; When these resources are to be deployed, such as whether at an interim audit stage or at key cut-off dates; and How such resources are managed, directed and supervised, such as when team briefing and debriefing meetings are expected to be held, how engagement partner and manager reviews are expected to take place (for example, on-site or off-site), and whether to complete engagement quality control reviews.
A10. The Appendix lists examples of considerations in establishing the overall audit strategy.
A11. Once the overall audit strategy has been established, an audit plan can be developed to address the various matters identified in the overall audit strategy, taking into account the need to achieve the audit objectives through the efficient use of the auditor’s resources. The establishment of the overall audit strategy and the detailed audit plan are not necessarily discrete or sequential processes, but are closely inter-related since changes in one may result in consequential changes to the other.
Considerations Specific to Smaller Entities
A12. In audits of small entities, the entire audit may be conducted by a very small audit team. Many audits of small entities involve the engagement partner (who may be a sole practitioner) working with one engagement team member (or without any engagement team members). With a smaller team, co-ordination of, and communication between, team members are easier. Establishing the overall audit strategy for the audit of a small entity need not be a complex or time- consuming exercise; it varies according to the size of the entity, the complexity of the audit, and the size of the engagement team. For example, a brief memorandum prepared at the completion of the previous audit, based on a review of the working papers and highlighting issues identified in the audit just completed, updated in the current period based on discussions with the owner- manager, can serve as the documented audit strategy for the current audit engagement if it covers the matters noted in paragraph 7.
The Audit Plan (Ref: Para. 8)
A13. The audit plan is more detailed than the overall audit strategy that includes the nature, timing and extent of audit procedures to be performed by engagement team members. Planning for these audit procedures takes place over the course of the audit as the audit plan for the engagement develops. For example, planning of the auditor's risk assessment procedures occurs early in the audit process. However, planning the nature, timing and extent of specific further audit procedures depends on the outcome of those risk assessment procedures. In addition, the auditor may begin the execution of further audit procedures for some classes of transactions, account balances and disclosures before planning all remaining further audit procedures. Changes to Planning Decisions During the Course of the Audit (Ref: Para. 9)
A14. As a result of unexpected events, changes in conditions, or the audit evidence obtained from the results of audit procedures, the auditor may need to modify the overall audit strategy and audit plan and thereby the resulting planned nature, timing and extent of further audit procedures, based on the revised consideration of assessed risks. This may be the case when information comes to the auditor’s attention that differs significantly from the information available when the auditor planned the audit procedures. For example, audit evidence obtained through the performance of substantive procedures may contradict the audit evidence obtained through tests of controls.
Direction, Supervision and Review (Ref: Para. 10)
A15. The nature, timing and extent of the direction and supervision of engagement team members and review of their work vary depending on many factors, including: The size and complexity of the entity. The area of the audit. The assessed risks of material misstatement (for example, an increase in the assessed risk of material misstatement for a given area of the audit ordinarily requires a corresponding increase in the extent and timeliness of direction and supervision of engagement team members, and a more detailed review of their work). The capabilities and competence of the individual team members performing the audit work. SA 220 contains further guidance on the direction, supervision and review of audit work6.
Considerations Specific to Smaller Entities
A16. When an audit is carried out entirely by the engagement partner, questions of direction and supervision of engagement team members and review of their work do not arise. In such cases, the engagement partner, having personally conducted all aspects of the work, will be aware of all material issues. Forming an objective view on the appropriateness of the judgments made in the course of the audit can present practical problems when the same individual also performs the entire audit. When particularly complex or unusual issues are involved, and the audit is performed by a sole practitioner, it may be desirable to consult with other suitably-experienced auditors or the auditor’s professional body7. 6 SA 220, paragraphs 15-17. 7 In India, the Institute of Chartered Accountants of India governs the accountancy profession to provide services of high quality in the public interest which are accepted worldwide.
Documentation (Ref: Para. 11)
A17. The documentation of the overall audit strategy is a record of the key decisions considered necessary to properly plan the audit and to communicate significant matters to the engagement team. For example, the auditor may summarize the overall audit strategy in the form of a memorandum that contains key decisions regarding the overall scope, timing and conduct of the audit.
A18. The documentation of the audit plan is a record of the planned nature, timing and extent of risk assessment procedures and further audit procedures at the assertion level in response to the assessed risks. It also serves as a record of the proper planning of the audit procedures that can be reviewed and approved prior to their performance. The auditor may use standard audit programs and/or audit completion checklists, tailored as needed to reflect the particular engagement circumstances.
A19. A record of the significant changes to the overall audit strategy and the audit plan, and resulting changes to the planned nature, timing and extent of audit procedures, explains why the significant changes were made, and the overall strategy and audit plan finally adopted for the audit. It also reflects the appropriate response to the significant changes occurring during the audit.
Considerations Specific to Smaller Entities
A20. As discussed in paragraph A12, a suitable, brief memorandum may serve as the documented strategy for the audit of a smaller entity. For the audit plan, standard audit programs and/or checklists (see paragraph A18) drawn up on the assumption of few relevant control activities, as is likely to be the case in a smaller entity, may be used provided that they are tailored to the circumstances of the engagement, including the auditor’s risk assessments.
Additional Considerations in Initial Audit Engagements (Ref: Para. 12)
A21. The purpose and objective of planning the audit are the same whether the audit is an initial or recurring engagement. However, for an initial audit, the auditor may need to expand the planning activities because the auditor does not ordinarily have the previous experience with the entity that is considered when planning recurring engagements. For initial audits, additional matters the auditor may consider in establishing the overall audit strategy and audit plan include the following: Unless prohibited by law or regulation, arrangements to be made with the predecessor auditor, for example, to review the predecessor auditor’s working papers. Any major issues (including the application of accounting principles or of auditing and reporting standards) discussed with management in connection with the initial selection as auditor, the communication of these matters to those charged with governance and how these matters affect the overall audit strategy and audit plan. The audit procedures necessary to obtain sufficient appropriate audit evidence regarding opening balances (see SA 5108 “Initial Audit Engagements–Opening Balances”). Other procedures required by the firm’s system of quality control for initial audit engagements (for example, the firm’s system of quality control may require the involvement of another partner or senior individual to review the overall audit strategy prior to commencing significant audit procedures or to review reports prior to their issuance).
Modifications to ISA 300, “Planning an Audit of Financial
SA 300, “Planning an Audit of Financial Statements” does not contain any modifications vis a vis ISA 300. 8 SA 510, “Initial Audit Engagements—Opening Balances”.
(Ref: Para. 6-7 and A9-A12)
Considerations in Establishing the Overall Audit Strategy
This appendix provides examples of matters the auditor may consider in establishing the overall audit strategy. Many of these matters will also influence the auditor’s detailed audit plan. The examples provided cover a broad range of matters applicable to many engagements. While some of the matters referred to below may be required by other SAs, not all matters are relevant to every audit engagement and the list is not necessarily complete.
Characteristics of the Engagement
The financial reporting framework on which the financial information to be audited has been prepared, including any need for reconciliations to another financial reporting framework. Industry-specific reporting requirements such as reports mandated by industry regulators. The expected audit coverage, including the number and locations of components to be included. The nature of the control relationships between a parent and its components that determine how the group is to be consolidated. The extent to which components are audited by other auditors. The nature of the business segments to be audited, including the need for specialized knowledge. The reporting currency to be used, including any need for currency translation for the financial information audited. The need for a statutory audit of standalone financial statements in addition to an audit for consolidation purposes. The availability of the work of internal auditors and the extent of the auditor’s potential reliance on such work, or internal auditors can be used to provide direct assistance. The entity’s use of service organizations and how the auditor may obtain evidence concerning the design or operation of controls performed by them. The expected use of audit evidence obtained in previous audits, for example, audit evidence related to risk assessment procedures and tests of controls. The effect of information technology on the audit procedures, including the availability of data and the expected use of computer-assisted audit techniques. The coordination of the expected coverage and timing of the audit work with any reviews of interim financial information and the effect on the audit of the information obtained during such reviews. The availability of client personnel and data.
Reporting Objectives, Timing of the Audit, and Nature of
The entity's timetable for reporting, such as at interim and final stages. The organization of meetings with management and those charged with governance to discuss the nature, timing and extent of the audit work. The discussion with management and those charged with governance regarding the expected type and timing of reports to be issued and other communications, both written and oral, including the auditor’s report, management letters and communications to those charged with governance. The discussion with management regarding the expected communications on the status of audit work throughout the engagement. Communication with auditors of components regarding the expected types and timing of reports to be issued and other communications in connection with the audit of components. The expected nature and timing of communications among engagement team members, including the nature and timing of team meetings and timing of the review of work performed. Whether there are any other expected communications with third parties, including any statutory or contractual reporting responsibilities arising from the audit.
Significant Factors, Preliminary Engagement Activities, and
Knowledge Gained on Other Engagements
The determination of materiality in accordance with SA 3209, and, where applicable:
Determination of materiality for components and communication
thereof to component auditors.
Preliminary identification of significant components and material
classes of transactions, account balances and disclosures Preliminary identification of areas where there may be a higher risk of material misstatement. 9 SA 320, “Materiality in Planning and Performing an Audit”. The impact of the assessed risk of material misstatement at the overall financial statement level on direction, supervision and review. The manner in which the auditor emphasizes to engagement team members the need to maintain a questioning mind and to exercise professional skepticism in gathering and evaluating audit evidence. Results of previous audits that involved evaluating the operating effectiveness of internal control, including the nature of identified deficiencies and action taken to address them. The discussion of matters that may affect the audit with firm personnel responsible for performing other services to the entity. Evidence of management’s commitment to the design, implementation and maintenance of sound internal control, including evidence of appropriate documentation of such internal control. Volume of transactions, which may determine whether it is more efficient for the auditor to rely on internal control. Importance attached to internal control throughout the entity to the successful operation of the business. Significant business developments affecting the entity, including changes in information technology and business processes, changes in key management, and acquisitions, mergers and divestments. Significant industry developments such as changes in industry regulations and new reporting requirements. Significant changes in the financial reporting framework, such as changes in accounting standards. Other significant relevant developments, such as changes in the legal environment affecting the entity.
Nature, Timing and Extent of Resources
The selection of the engagement team (including, where necessary, the engagement quality control reviewer) and the assignment of audit work to the team members, including the assignment of appropriately experienced team members to areas where there may be higher risks of material misstatement. Engagement budgeting, including considering the appropriate amount of time to set aside for areas where there may be higher risks of material misstatement.
